Pharmaceutical Analysis Unit 1 Simple Hand Written Notes 1st Semester B. Pharmacy PDF

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Pharmaceutical Analysis Unit 1 Simple Hand Written Notes 1st Semester  B. Pharmacy PDF


Pharmaceutical analysis unit one notes for first semester B. Pharmacy condensed and hand written for your convenience. 


Topics covered

  •  Definition and scope.
  •  Different techniques of analysis.
  •  Methods of expressing concentration.
  • Primary and secondary standards. 
  • Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions Oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate and ceric ammonium sulphate.
  • Errors: Sources of errors, types of errors, methods of minimizing errors, accuracy, precision and significant figures.
  • Pharmacopoeia, Sources of impurities in medicinal agents, limit tests.



 Pharmaceutical analysis definition and scope:-

Definition:-

Branch of chemistry deals with resolution, separation, identification, determination, quantification, purification.


Scope:-




Different technique of analysis





  • Titrimetry:- in this technique, the concentration of unknown solution is determined by reacting in quantitatively with a solution of known concentration.


  • Gravimetry:- in this technique the sample constituent is separated in the form of precipitate. The precipitate is inginited and weighed.


  • Potentiometric:- in this technique, the potential of an electrode is measured.


  • Conductimetry:- in this technique, the electrical conductivity of a solution is measured.


  • Polarography:- in this technique, a curve is plotted between voltage and current.



Method of expressing concentration:-


  1. Molarity:-


 Number of moles of solute dissolve in 1 litre of solution is called molarity of solution. 

    Molarity= no of moles of solute/ volume of solution in litre. 


  1. Normality:-. 


Number of gram equivalent weights of solute dissolve in 1 litre of solution is called normality of the solution.


Normality= Number of Gram equivalent to solution/ volume of solution in litre.


  1. Molality:- 


Number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram of solvent is called molality of the solution.

 Molality= Number of moles of solute/ weight of solvent in kg.


  1. Mole fraction:- 


No of moles of sample components in total number of moles of all components of mixture is called the mole fraction of sample components.


  1. Formality:-.


Number of formula weights of solute dissolve in 1 litre of solution.


  1. Parts per million:-


No of parts of solute in 106 parts of solution or mixture is called ppm of that solute.


Primary and secondary standard:-


Primary standard:-


    Primary standard is a solution of known strength made from a substance of high purity.

It should be 

  • highly pure

  • Highly stable,

  • Highly soluble

  • Non toxic, and 

  • easily available

Eg. Precipitation titration of Ag, AgNO3



Secondary standard:-


       It is a solution of known strength which is previously standardised by the primary standard.

Eg. Standard solution of 0.1 M sulphuric acid.



Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions


  1. Sodium hydroxide :-



  1. Oxalic acid:-

  1. hydrochloric acid:-


  1. sodium thiosulphate:-


  1. sulphuric acid:-



  1. potassium permanganate:-


  1. ceric ammonium sulphate:-




Errors:-


  • Errors refer to the difference between the measured and true value  in the result of any analytical operation.



Source of errors:-


  • Glassware issue 

  • Chemical issue

  • Weighing issue

  • Burette, conical flask are not calibrated

  • Vision problem for burette reading 

  • Calculation problem

  • Read wrong instruction


Types of errors:-


Errors can be classified into two types

  • Systemic/ determinate error

  • Random error/ indeterminate error


Determinate  error:-


      This types of error we can change properly and that totally in our hand in our control


       


Indeterminate  error:-


        These are those types of errors which are not in our control that we can not change.



Method of minimising errors:-


  1. Check the glass ware that we use in the titration 

  2. Check the method and use proper method

  3. Calibrated instrument use

  4. Treat your eyes if vision problem

  5. Improve your calculation skills

  6. Read the full instruction and then started




Accuracy:-


Precision:-


It is refers to the closeness of set of value obtained from a identical measurement of quantity.


Significant figures:-

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